References

Bonilla-Silva E. Racism without racists: color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America, 4th edn. Plymouth: Rowman and Littlefield; 2014

The trauma trap: what's causing inequalities in emergency care?. 2018. https://tinyurl.com/ya5yrkow (accessed 19 June 2020)

Drewicki B, Moore C, Ward S, Prkachin K. Reducing racial disparities in pain treatment: the role of empathy and perspective-taking. Pain. 2011; 152:(5)1001-1006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.12.005

Guardian. Prof Donna Kinnair on racism in the NHS: ‘in every community, BAME patients suffer the most’. 2020. https://tinyurl.com/ybr6fy4x (accessed 19 June 2020)

Harrison EM, Docherty AB, Barr B Ethnicity and outcomes from COVID-19: the ISARIC CCP-UK prospective observational cohort study of hospitalised patients. 2020; https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3618215

Hoffman KM, Trawalter S, Axt JR, Norman Oliver M. Recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016; 113:(16)4296-4301 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113

Racial disparities in EMS. 2019. https://tinyurl.com/ybj7h5pc (accessed 19 June 2020)

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How race features in pain-treatment disparities

02 July 2020
Volume 25 · Issue 7

Researchers from the UK have identified the steroid, dexamethasone, as the first drug to improve survival rates in patients with COVID-19 (National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), 2020). It has also come to light that COVID-19 occurs at a higher frequency in people of minority ethnic backgrounds (Public Health England, 2020). All ethnic minorities appear to be more likely to need intensive care than their white counterparts, and newer data suggest that Asians are most likely to die from COVID-19 than anyone else; in part, this seems a result of the higher rates of diabetes in this population (Harrison et al, 2020).

Donna Kinnair, head of the Royal College of Nursing, and herself no stranger to racism as a black woman living in the UK, points out that patients in black and minority communities have the worst outcomes in almost every category, from cardiovascular disease to diabetes (Kale, 2020). She said in a recent interview with The Guardian (2020):

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